TLR9 and Hepatic fibrosis: TLR4 and TLR9 are expressed in HSCs (85) and TLR4 directly stimulates HSCs to secrete chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4), thus exhibiting pro-inflammatory features. Interestingly, TLR9 signaling enhances collagen production in HSCs but inhibits HSC migration to regulate liver fibrosis.