Furthermore, it was shown that traumatic injury and tissue necrosis initiate a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) through the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as ATP (94) or uric acid (Figure 1) (95), which are readily recognized by circulating neutrophils and activate the ERK1/2 and p38 pathways leading to the mounting of a pro-inflammatory response (96). Here, MAPK1 is linked to systemic inflammatory response syndrome.