PDCD1 and neoplasm: Multiple other advantages linked to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 treatment have been reported, including (i) previous immune checkpoint inhibition and lead-in therapy with two doses of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 enhancing subsequent MAPK pathway inhibition and anti-tumor efficacy and (ii) increased tumor-infiltration by iNOS+ M1-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), Th1-like Tbethi CD4+ T cells and granzyme Bhi CD8+ cytotoxic T cells after sequential-combinatorial therapy with improved durability of tumor regression (225).