NFKB1 and osteoarthritis: In addition, IL-1β significantly upregulates NF-κB, promotes p65 nuclear translocation, and activates Rac1 and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn activate NF-κB translation in chondrocytes, thereby reshaping the microenvironment for the treatment of ROS and inflammatory factor-related chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis [87].