This effect was mediated by inhibiting the expression of IKKα/β, the degradation of IκBα, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, ultimately eliciting the apoptosis of melanoma cells.144 Furthermore, Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) could also induce mitochondrial apoptosis through the inhibition of the NF-κB/p65 pathway.145 Other natural small-molecule compounds such as cardamonin, ginsenoside Rk1, and betulinic acid exhibited potent anticancer effects and triggered cancer cell apoptosis through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway146–148 (Table 4). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and melanoma.