MAPK3 and neoplasm: MAPK pathway is the main pathway for transmitting signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus, which could be divided into three subtypes: ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK.237 Among them, ERK1/2 plays a critical role in autophagic regulation in various tumor cells, and ERK1/2 could be phosphorylated and activated to regulate autophagy through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK axis.12,238 The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway was closely associated with tumorigenesis.