FDPS and pulmonary arterial hypertension: We found that, in agreement with our previous study (Jiang et al. 2017), PAH rat pulmonary artery tissue showed a significant increase in FDPS expression at the protein level, accompanied by upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA, a good cell proliferation marker (Almendral et al. 1987)] and Beclin1 protein (Fig. 1C).