Then, the secretion of selected cytokines, including CCL11, IL13, CCL2, CCL13, CCL22, CCL15, CXCL7, CCL5, TGF-β1, TNF-α, CXCL5, IL11, OPG, and HGF, in primary TAMs from human ESCC tissues (pri-TAMs), polarized TAMs (pol-TAMs) from human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), and MDMs was evaluated using ELISAs. Here, TGFB1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.