Using an ovarian cancer model, investigators showed that isolation stress and/or administration of the β-AR agonist isoproterenol can upregulate processes supporting accelerated tumor growth, such as angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, as well as changes supporting the metastatic spread of established tumors by increased tissue invasion, anoikis, and increased tumor EMT (Chang et al. 2022, Lutgendorf et al. 2010). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and ovarian carcinoma.