In addition, activation of sperm cells was not affected in the absence of C11orf94, as judged from measurement of beat frequency of sperm tails upon stimulation with HEPES-saline (HS) buffer supplemented with bicarbonate (HSB) (Fig. 4G), thereby ruling out motility-related pathways as cause for male infertility in C11orf94−/− mice. Here, FREY1 is linked to male infertility.