Within endocardial cells, we observed a large number of genes to be significantly upregulated (BMP4/6, GDF6, NRG1, SVEP1, ELN, CTGF, EDN1 and CYR61) and downregulated (SEMA3A, NPPC, EDNRB, VEGF-C, WNT9B, IGFBP4/6, CD55 and ITGA6/9) in DCM samples compared to non-diseased donors (Fig. 8b). This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP4 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.