In addition, a large cohort study of newly diagnosed patients with PD showed that higher levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), TNF-α, and CRP in blood are associated with a lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in patients with PD, and that IL-1β and IL-2 are related to a faster rate of cognitive decline (46). Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.