NFKB1 and viral infectious disease: Induction of SINE ncRNAs during viral infections can lead to the activation of these anti-viral pathways because they contain double stranded regions and can contain 5’ triphosphate ends (Dunker et al., 2017), which represent a virus-like immune activating PAMP (Burke and Sullivan, 2017) able to activate NF-KB in a manner partially dependent on the presence of the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), which functions as an adapter for the RIG-I-like receptors (Dorman et al., 1999).