TNF and pneumonia: Second, our study lacked some information at the time of participants' blood sample collection, including indicators of the acute inflammatory state (i.e., CRP, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) [29–31], some other drugs use such as the use of steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, previous use of antibiotics and therapy durations, and information about other diseases that could cause inflammation, such as pneumonia, all of which may influence baseline leukocyte counts.