AFP and thyroid gland carcinoma: For example, extrathyroidal extension has been identified as an independent risk factor in thyroid cancer patients with LM (14); elevated alpha-fetoprotein is relevant to a higher risk of LM in hepatocellular carcinoma (9); and special (neither squamous nor adenocarcinoma) histological types have been correlated with a higher risk for LM in cervical cancer (15).