Compared with STA samples, some immune-related pathways showed respectable discrimination, such as “IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling,” “IFN-γ response,” and “TGF-β signaling.” However, these pathways performed poorly in discriminating between BKVN and AR, while some hallmarks associated with viral infection, such as “Upregulated in UV response,” presented great resolving abilities, further demonstrating the specificity of virus-associated processes during the pathogenesis of BKVN, especially in comparison with rejection states. Here, TGFB1 is linked to viral infectious disease.