Notably, the IFNγ-inducible chemokines Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 (91) were among the most upregulated genes at wks 3 and 4 post infection, which is consistent with reports from murine S. japonicum infection (86) and suggests Th1-associated chemokines (91) may be associated with initial inflammatory cell recruitment and instigation of granulomatous inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene NELFCD and infection.