Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the TGFβ-upregulated gene list (fold-change > 1.5, n=2141) identified “Th17 cell differentiation”, “Leishmaniasis” and “Inflammatory bowel disease” to be among the top upregulated pathways (Supplementary Table 1), consistent with previously described roles for TGFβ in Th17/Tc17/Treg differentiation and function (16, 17). Here, TGFB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.