DKK1 and cancer: Therefore, we speculated that once HANPs were taken up by melanoma cells, abnormal mitochondria and corresponding redox imbalance may occur, further regulating the Wnt, proteoglycans in cancer, p53 and oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathways by mediating Wnt5a, DKK1, IGFBP3, THBS1 and ApoA1 protein expression and ultimately promoting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.