Class II HDACi are also defined to protect against cardiac hypertrophy by several pathways, including reversing caspase-3 and HDAC4 levels (134), increasing cardiac superoxide dismutase and micro-vessel genesis to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy (135), increasing p38 phosphorylation (134, 135), blocking the increases in heart weight and the level of several mRNAs, such as ANP, BNP, β-MHC, and IL-1 induced by β-angiotensin II, indicating a myocadial hypertrophy status (70). Here, NPPA is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.