Insulin signaling disorders also promote neuro-inflammation (notably elevated levels of cytokines/chemokines and gliosis [85]), apoptosis, oxidative stress, impairments of energy metabolism and synaptic disconnections [86], all of which lead to the development of cognitive impairment and AD, prompting some investigators to refer AD as T3D, characterized by an insulin-resistant brain state [87]. Here, INS is linked to Cognitive impairment.