The vast majority of the reported PTPN family members hold an inhibitory role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with the exception of PTPN11, which drives HCC progression by potentiating oncogenic proteins such as β-Catenin, PIK3CA and MET, and is associated with chemoresistance in HCC patients (65, 66). Here, PIK3CA is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.