MTOR and clear cell renal carcinoma: In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, PTPN3 and PTPN13 act as tumor suppressors by inactivating the AKT signaling pathway (124, 125), whereas PTPN12 restrains the proliferation of renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting PI3K/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity (126).