The elevated levels of PKR, MxA and MDA5 in type 1 diabetes beta cells, together with our previous studies using these samples which revealed increased HLA-1 and STAT1 in the beta cells, where both nuclear and cytoplasmic was observed, provide firm support for the activation of IFN signaling and other antiviral pathways. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.