MAPK3 and cancer: Adlay sprout extract not only inhibits metastatic activity and adhesion of colon cancer cells as well as tube formation by HUVECs via repression of the ERK1/2 and AKT pathways [48], but also causes cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death through the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in HeLa cells [35], suggesting it is a good anti-cancer (colon and cervical) therapeutic agent.