GIP and gestational diabetes: Feng et al. [73] confirmed the positive effect that 42 g of pistachio had on postprandial glycemic and gut hormone responses in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or gestational impaired glucose tolerance, by inducing significantly lower postprandial glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) but higher glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels compared to 100 g of whole-wheat bread.