INS and Insulin resistance: In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of pistachio on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM, prediabetes and MetS, the authors concluded that pistachio nuts might cause a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance), although HbA1c and fasting plasma insulin might not significantly improve in patients suffering from or at risk of T2DM [81].