Interestingly, these behavioral changes are accompanied by increased mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory genes IL-1 beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and Iba1, and by increased Iba1 staining intensity at 6 weeks of age in the amygdala—a region associated with anxiety and social behaviors—only in female offspring from HFD-fed dams. Here, TNF is linked to Anxiety.