For example, in an in vitro study examining both human and bovine Lf inhibition of poliovirus replication, Manchetti et al. demonstrated that both hLf and bLf prevented the viral replication of poliovirus, regardless of whether iron, magnesium, or zinc was bound; however, the post-attachment inhibition of viral infection was dependent on zinc-bound Lf, with the levels of zinc and degree of inhibition being directly correlated [45]. This evidence concerns the gene LTF and viral infectious disease.