Contradictory findings regarding the elevation of soluble PD-L1 have been found, with Chen et al. [108] reporting a significant increase in SLE patients compared to healthy controls, whereas Her et al. [109] were not able to show a significant difference in soluble PD-L1 levels, neither between active and remissive patients, nor compared to the control. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.