The literature search was completed using the PubMed database and relevant keywords (protein kinase C; mitogen-activated protein kinase; protein kinase C- mitogen-activated protein kinase; p38; ERK1/2; JNK; cardiovascular; diabetes mellitus; vascular; heart; hypertrophy; remodelling; fibrosis; inflammation; oxidative stress) were used as a search strategy. Here, MAPK8 is linked to diabetes mellitus.