NOD2 and inflammatory bowel disease: In addition, the immunotherapies currently under development for IBD also focus on the downstream pathways of different cytokine-related pathways, such as Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT), are blocked and inhibited, thereby reducing inflammation in IBD.