These results are supported by our most recent in vivo study using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model [6]: Continuous subcutaneous treatment with ANP significantly ameliorated the HFD-induced systemic insulin resistance by attenuating hepatic steatosis and by inducing adipose tissue browning in association with the activation of the brown fat thermogenic program, leading to in vivo thermogenesis during cold exposure. Here, NPPA is linked to fatty liver disease.