INS and atrial fibrillation: The potential mechanism underlying insulin-resistance-induced AF is associated with the decreased expression of NaV1.5 and sodium current (INa) [96], the abnormal up-regulation of calcium-homeostasis-related proteins (CaMKII) [95], and the decreased expression and membrane translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and GLUT8 [98] in an insulin-resistant state.