The authors point to melanoma as an example, which we now know frequently presents mutations in the Ras protein—NRas(Q61L)—which is constitutively activated and represents a central point in the malignant transformation of melanocytes as it is capable of stimulating the two main oncogenic downstream pathways: MAPK (Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk) and PI3K (PI3K/AkT/mTOR). The gene discussed is NRAS; the disease is melanoma.