For instance, a multi-functional NP containing a photosensitizer (5-ALA), a magnetic upconversion NP (MUCNP), two different polymeric compounds (chitosan and poly (γ-glutamic acid), a targeting agent (des-Arg9-Kallidin (d-K)) for crossing the BBB, and an immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1) was developed for the combination of photodynamic- and immunotherapy for primary and metastatic GBM. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is glioblastoma.