TNF and neoplasm: Immune-stimulating genes which have been virally introduced to GBM tumor cells are interleukins (IL), immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune stimulators, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), E-cadherin, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), and tumor suppressors (Figure 2).