CSF2 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: We also found enrichment in important immune-modulating pathways: the GM-CSF signalling pathway, which has been implicated in the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages in NPC [74]; IL-15 production and its downstream JAK1/JAK3-related γc cytokine signalling pathways, which modulate both antiviral and antitumor effects [75] (Table 5).