TGFB1 and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy: Based on the work by Matsuno et al. [17], we found that APS induction by activation of the activin A/nodal and WNT pathways for 24 h, followed by two additional days of activin A activity and TGFβ pathway inhibition for DE induction, without addition of other cytokines or small molecules during the vAFE stage, was an effective strategy.