As a matter of fact, for their general TLR4 stimulatory activity, ATIs are not only a long-sought nutritional trigger of innate immunity in CD, but were suspected to have more far-reaching pathogenic roles in patients with wheat-related hypersensitivities, such as NCWS or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [5,59,60]. Here, TLR4 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.