When co-cultured with M1 macrophages, Pre-T2D and T2D IPFP-ASCs exhibited a significant decrease in LEP expression and a significant increase in IL-6 expression compared to naïve IPFP-ASCs (Figure 6C,E); Pre-T2D IPFP-ASCs also demonstrated a significant decrease in IL-10 and IRS-2 expression compared to naïve IPFP-ASCs (Figure 6B,G). Here, LEP is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.