TGF-β superfamily members have been revealed to participate in the development of AMD, by regulating the expression of angiogenesis-related molecules, such as VEGF, and by mediating immunoregulatory processes, inflammation, endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and the formation of fibrovascular membranes (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and age-related macular degeneration.