TNF and cancer: Elevated levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, a lipid molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and chemokines such as CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CXCL2 in the serum of CRC patients were associated with cancer development and progression [8,9,10].