(2) AP-1: After binding to TNFR1, TNF-α can also trigger the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein 2 kinases (MAP2Ks) and in turn activates Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) to promote CRC [27,28]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.