TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Fucoxanthin demonstrated a potential protective behaviour on pulmonary fibrosis and nasal polyps, where it attenuates the expression/production of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type 1 collagen (Col-1), fibronectin, and IL-6 in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated cells via suppressed MAPK phosphorylation, PI3 K/Akt pathway, Akt/SP-1 pathway, and Smad2/Smad3 pathway [191,192].