INS and diabetes mellitus: Recognising the imprecision of the existing diagnostic categories of diabetes, various algorithms have been proposed to more objectively divide diabetes into subtypes based on phenotypic criteria, such as using blood-based estimates of insulin secretion capacity and insulin resistance [9], large-scale network analysis of phenotypes from electronic medical records [10], and presence or absence of autoantibodies and intact beta cell function in diabetes involving ketoacidosis (‘AB classification’) [11].