SELE and systemic lupus erythematosus: The study results had shown that the apoptotic CECs were significantly high only in the first subgroup in comparison to healthy controls, serum VCAM-1 was found to be higher in the first subgroup than in the second and its levels in the second were more than that of healthy individuals, however, serum ICAM-1 and E-selectin were increased in both subgroups when compared to healthy participants, thus the study concluded that the serum levels of VCAM-1 is related to the activity of SLE and the development of lupus microvascular events [16].