TNF and colitis: Previous studies have demonstrated positive effects of DAP against renal ischemia-reperfusion damage, colitis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin via NF-kB targeting, leading to modulation of diverse oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators such as SOD, nitrite, MDA, and TNF-α (25, 28, 31, 47, 48).