Thus, in future studies it will be interesting to investigate which of the ICD mediators are actually critical or even if high levels IFNβ provided by our vector can circumvent the lack of expression of one of them—a matter with important implications for cancer patients that present dysfunction in the ability to succumb to bona fide ICD, as already identified in breast cancer patients who carry a toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) loss-of-function allele and consequently a defect in HMGB1 binding10. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is cancer.