TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In addition, SOCS1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was found to be downregulated in AMs and lung tissues of patients with COPD, where mRNA levels were found to be negatively correlated with BALF TNF-α levels and positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s.42 Another study revealed that SOCS1 expression was reduced in the bronchial epithelium of patients suffering from severe asthma.43 Interestingly, SOCS1 activation has been identified by in silico modelling approach as a strategy for intervention in sepsis.44