IGF1 and cancer: Studies in animal models of multiple cancer types have shown decreased levels of various mitogenic hormones such as insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and their downstream signaling pathways with potent proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects, including Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling transductions prevent cancer initiation and progression [32–35].