ATF3 and sarcopenia: Additionally, many of the novel and exclusive DEGs to the FRAM vs FRAF group have multiple roles in frailty and sarcopenia-related pathological processes such as inflammation (TNFAIP3, BCL2A1, ZFP36, CCL20, DUSP1, FCAR, RNF19B, CCRL2, CLEC4D, FTH1, and SIGLEC14), musculoskeletal system (ATF3, DUSP1, TNFAIP3, FCAR, PPIF, MARCKS, SSPN, KLF10, and TANC1), and cell cycle and apoptosis (IER3, ATF3, TNFAIP3, DUSP1, BCL2A1, H1F0, PPIF, PUDP, and ERCC6L) (Additional file 4).