DPF3 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: In 2017, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed on 10,784 ccRCC patients and 20,406 controls identified one highly significant risk locus (rs4903064) in DPF3 and, more importantly, found that the risk allele was associated with increased DPF3 expression in two independent ccRCC cohorts22,23.