We then separated the TCGA-KIRC patients into two groups based on the mutation status of VHL or the two SWI/SNF components PBRM1 and SMARCA4. As shown in Supplementary Fig. 1a, the expression of DPF3 was significantly higher only in the VHL mutant group, indicating that the upregulation of DPF3 is likely associated with VHL mutations in ccRCC. This evidence concerns the gene DPF3 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.