NFE2L2 and cancer: As an approach to exploring the tumor-associated Keap1 alterations, resulting in Nrf2 activation and chemotherapeutic resistance through CSC induction, we first investigated the presence of genomic alterations of Keap1 in a large panel of 21 distinctive cancers sequenced by The Cancer Genomic Atlas consortium (TCGA) and recently developed mutations significance method (MutSigCV), which provides a statistical metric to identify driver candidates in cancer with respect to the gene nucleotide length and the background mutations rate of each type of cancer analyzed [5, 22].