E.g., ACVR1C (also activin receptor-like kinase, ALK7), a receptor for transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling molecules, can be overexpressed in a constitutively active version, induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma via activation of caspase3 in a Smad3-dependent manner [34]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and hepatocellular carcinoma.