The persistence of high levels of circulating Gal-1 during HIV infection parallels that of several inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and sCD14 (53), as well as IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CCL11, IL-1β, and IL-8 (54), which are also unaltered or are marginally affected by cART-treatment. Here, IL1B is linked to HIV infectious disease.