Since EVs isolated from plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals stimulate monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to release proinflammatory cytokines (32), and our results showed an association between elevated Gal-1 levels and inflammatory parameters in sera during HIV infection (Fig. 1), we next analyzed whether EVs isolated from plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals (EVHIV) could trigger Gal-1 production by macrophages. The gene discussed is GAL; the disease is HIV infectious disease.